Infants
History of formula
Early infant foods
Throughout history, mothers who are unable (or unwilling) to breastfeed their babies either employed the use of a wet nurse or, less frequently, prepared food for their babies, a process known as "dry nursing. composition Baby food varies by region and economic status. In Europe and America during the 19th century, the prevalence of wet nursing began to decline, while the practice of feeding babies with milk mixtures of animals increased in popularity.
Poster advertising Nestle milk Thophile Alexandre Steinlen, 1895
This trend was driven by cultural changes as well as increased sanitation measures, and continued throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century, with a notable increase after Elijah Pratt invented and patented the rubber nipple of India in 1845. As early as 1846, scientists and nutritionists noted increased medical problems and infant mortality was associated with dry nursing. In an attempt to improve the quality of manufactured baby food in 1867, Justus von Liebig, developed the first commercial infant formulas, foods soluble Liebig for babies. The success of this product quickly gave rise to competitors Mellin and infant feeding, food for infants Ridge and Nestlé milk.
raw milk formula
As doctors have become increasingly more concerned about the quality of such foods, medical recommendations, as the method of Thomas Morgan Rotch of "percentage" (published in 1890) began to be distributed and gained great popularity in 1907. These complex formulas recommended that parents mix cow's milk, water, cream and sugar or honey of the specific rates to achieve the nutritional balance believed to approximate human milk reformulated in such a way that allows believes digestive capacity of the infant.
At the dawn of 20th century in the United States, most infants were breastfed, although many received a feeding formula too. Home "percentage" method formulas that increased use of commercial formulas in both Europe and the United States. They were less expensive and is widely believed to be healthier. Without however, formula-fed babies exhibited more medical problems associated with diet, such as scurvy, rickets and bacterial infections than babies breastfed. By 1920, the incidence of scurvy and rickets in formula-fed babies had greatly decreased with the addition of orange juice and liver oil cod with homemade formulas. Bacterial infections associated with formula remains a problem more common in U.S. than in Europe, where milk was usually boiled prior to use in formulas.
Evaporated milk formulas
In the 1920s and 1930s, evaporated milk began to be widely available on the market at low prices, and several clinical studies suggest that babies fed evaporated milk formula to thrive, and infants (these findings are not supported by modern research.) These studies, together with the affordable price of evaporated milk and the availability of the fridge at home began a large increase in the use of evaporated milk formulas. In late 1930, the use of evaporated milk formulas in the United States surpassed all commercial formulas, and in 1950 more half of all babies in the United States were raised on these formulas.
trading forms
In parallel with the huge change (in industrialized countries) away from breastfeeding home-made formulas, nutrition scientists continued to analyze human milk and attempt to make infant formulas most appropriate to their composition. Maltose and dextrin is believed nutritionally important, and in 1912, the company Mead Johnson threw a milk additive called Dextri-maltose. This formula was made available to mothers only by physicians. In 1919, milk fat were replaced by a mixture of animal fats and vegetable part of the unit followed more closely simulate breast milk. This formula was called SMA for "simulated milk adapted."
In the late 1920s, Alfred Bosworth Similac released (by "similar to breast), and Mead Johnson launched SoBe. Several other formulas were released in the coming decades, but commercial formulas did not begin to seriously compete with evaporated milk formulas until the 1950s. The reformulation and concentration of Similac in 1951 and the introduction (Mead Johnson) of Enfamil in 1959 were accompanied by marketing campaigns that provide the economic formula of hospitals and pediatricians. In the decade 1960, commercial formulas that greater use of evaporated milk formulas, which almost disappeared in the 1970s. In early 1970, over 75% of babies the United States were fed on formulas, almost all commercially produced.
When birth rates declined in industrial countries during the 1960s, the largest infant formula companies marketing campaigns in non-industrial. Unfortunately, poor sanitation led to soar mortality rates among infants fed formula prepared with contaminated (drinking) water. Organized protests, the most famous of which was the Nestlé boycott 1977, called for an end to marketing ethics. This boycott is ongoing, as the current coordinators maintain that Nestlé engages in business practices which violate the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes.
store brand (generic) infant formula
store brand infant formula was first introduced in the United States in 1997 by PBM Products. All infant formula brands in the United States are required to comply with Food and U.S. Drug (FDA).
The Mayo Clinic said, s with consumer products, infant formula brand cost more than generic brands. But that does not mean the brand [Similac, Nestle, Enfamil formulas] are better. Although manufacturers may vary somewhat in their formula recipes, the FDA requires that all formulas contain the same nutrient density.21]
The private-label infant formulas have allowed food and drug retailers for leaders provide milk to customers under the label store brands of companies like Wal-Mart, Target, Kroger, Loblaws, and Walgreens.
It derives from the baby formulas
In the years 1980 and 1990, the formula was introduced for older children until the age of 2 years, terms such as "follow-on formulas" and "baby formula." This was done partly because the market for infant formula (in fact, until the age of six months, when children tend to breastfeed only) was saturated in developed countries, as discussed in the industry then, and together with the advertising regulations on infant formula. Critics have argued that child then and formulas introduced in part to circumvent these rules similar advertising and branded packaged preparations then often interpreted as advertising infant formula for children under 6 months of age.
An early example of follow-on was introduced by Wyeth in the Philippines in 1987, following the introduction in this country of regulations on advertising infant formula, that the regulation did not refer prepared that there was continuing at the time of writing.
Use since 1970
Since the 1970s, industrialized countries have witnessed a dramatic resurgence of breastfeeding among children from birth to 6 months of age. However, this surge of breastfeeding has been accompanied by postponement in the average age of introduction of other foods (such as cow milk), resulting in greater use of breastfeeding and infant formula between the ages of 312 months.
Leading health organizations (for example, the U.S. CDC, WHO, U.S. HHS) are trying to increase the prevalence of breastfeeding through campaigns public awareness. The objectives of these programs vary by organization, with ages ranging recommends breast-feeding from birth to 24 months. In addition, regulatory initiatives also encourage breastfeeding. For example, the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes requires infant formula companies to preface their product information with the statements that breastfeeding is the best way to feed babies and that a replacement should only be used after consulting health professionals.
Reasons for using infant formula
There are few medical reasons for using infant formula "The vast majority of mothers can and should breastfeed, just as the vast majority of infants can and should be breastfed" and "Only in exceptional circumstances can the breast milk is considered unsuitable for her son." alternatives to breastfeeding include:
expressed breast milk of a nursing mother,
breast milk from a healthy mother,
breast milk from a milk bank human
as well as infant formula. Among them, WHO states that "the choice of the best alternative … depends on individual circumstances."
Reasons for not breastfeeding or is not possible to include the chest:
The health of the mother: the mother is infected with HIV or tuberculosis. She is malnourished or have had certain types of breast surgery. She is taking no of drug that can harm the baby, or dangerous levels of alcohol beverages. The mother is very ill.
The baby can not breastfeed: The child has a birth defect or inborn errors of metabolism such as galactosemia that makes breastfeeding difficult or impossible.
a couple who practice natural family plan: Breastfeeding acts as natural birth control during the first six months after birth.
The absence of the mother: The child is adopted, orphaned, or in the custody of a man. His mother is separated from her son in prison or mental hospital. The mother left the child in the care of another person for an extended period of time, and during traveling or working abroad. The mother has abandoned the child.
Financial pressures: Maternity leave is unpaid, insufficient, or nonexistent. Employment the mother interferes with breastfeeding.
structure of society: Breastfeeding is difficult or prohibited within the mother's job, school, place of worship or while traveling.
social unrest: The mother may feel uncomfortable with breastfeeding to others.
Personal beliefs: The mother may choose not to breastfeed because of personal reasons, For example, you can feel your breasts are too sexual for a baby.
Lack of training: The mother is not sufficiently trained nurse without pain and to produce enough milk.
The diet involves: The content of breast milk are influenced by the dietary habits of the mother. If the mother eats food containing an allergen Breastfeeding may, for a brief period after its consumption, causing an allergic reaction in the baby.
Reasons for supplement by alternatives addition to breastfeeding include:
Social structure or discomfort: The mother can breastfeed in a few hours, but not others, for reasons cited above.
Lactation failure: The mother is unable to produce enough milk, which affects around 2 to 5% of women.
Reasons for using infant formula in particular, as opposed alternatives to breast milk, wet nurses, and milk banks include:
Lack of education: The mother, doctor, or family may think that their milk is of low quality or low supply, or that breastfeeding reduces your energy, health, or attractiveness, and not be aware of other alternatives. Nursing paid by a relative or nurse can be believed to be unhygienic.
Social pressures: family members, including mother's husband or boyfriend, or friends or other members society can promote the use of infant formulas.
Personal beliefs: The mother may choose to use formula for varied beliefs personal.
The lack of alternatives:
The lack of refrigeration: Breast milk requires refrigeration if not consumed immediately, and health conditions preparation of this last requirement is shared with the infant formula.
The lack of nurses: Wet nursing is illegal and stigmatized in some countries, and can not be available. It can also be socially acceptable or not expensive, and the safe use of nurses required health exams for nurses.
The lack of bank milk: human milk banks may not be available there are relatively few, and demand recognition and cooling.
Nutritional content
Infant formula is nutritionally inferior to breast milk, and superior to other substitutes such as milk of animals. In addition to breast milk, infant formula is the only product of milk other than the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under one year taking into account the solid food is nutritionally acceptable addition to breast milk or formula during weaning.
Although cow's milk is the basis of almost all infant formulas, cow's milk is unsuitable for normal children because of its high protein and electrolyte (salt) that can put a strain on the baby's immature kidneys and untreated cows' milk is not recommended before the age of 12 months. The small children are not properly equipped to digest human milk and this can often result in diarrhea, intestinal bleeding and [ malnutrition citation needed]. To reduce the negative effect on children's digestive system, cow's milk is subjected to the formula used for processing to become the infant formula. This includes measures to make it more digestible protein and alter the balance of whey protein to casein to a closer relationship to human milk, the addition of several key ingredients (often called "fortification", see below) partial or total replacement of fat with vegetable fat or marine, etc.
Most of the world supply of infant formula produced in the U.S. appointment United States [change]. The nutrient content of infant formula sold in the United States is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the basis of recommendations American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. The following must be included in all formulas produced in the U.S.:
Protein
Fat
Linoleic acid
Vitamins: A, C, D, E, K, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), B6, B12
Niacin
Folic acid
Pantothenic acid
Calcium
Metals: magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper
Phosphorus
Iodine
Sodium chloride
Chloride potassium
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for growing children, accounting for 35-42% of your daily energy. In most cow-based formulas, lactose is the main source of carbohydrates present. However, lactose is not present in the formulas Cow's milk protein or lactose-free milk or specialized formulas are not hydrolyzed protein formulas for infants with milk protein sensitivity. Lactose is also present in soy-based formulas. Therefore, lactose-free formulas that rely on other sources of carbohydrates such as sucrose and glucose, starches modified natural, and indigestible monosacchardies carbohydrates. Lactose is not only a smooth flow of energy, but also helps in the absorption of several minerals as magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are compounds found naturally in human breast milk. They are involved in different critical metabolic processes in the body as energy metabolism and enzymatic reactions. Moreover, as the construction blocks of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that are essential for normal body functions. Compared to human milk, cow's milk has lower levels of nucleotide as uridine, inosine, and cytidine. Therefore, several companies that produce infant formulas have been added nucleotides to the modalities of their child.
Other ingredients
Emulsifiers and stabilizers
Emulsifiers and stabilizers are materials that are added to prevent oil separation and water-soluble component in the formula for child. Some commonly used emulsifiers include mono, di-glycerides, and gums.
Diluent
The ingredient helps create the volume of liquid in the formula child. Skim milk is commonly used as primary solvent in the formulation based on milk. By contrast, the purified water is the solvent most widely used formulations without milk.
Furthermore, no formulas to cow's milk should include biotin, choline, and inositol.
hypoallergenic formulas reduce the likelihood of certain medical complications in infants with specific health problems. Baby formula can be synthesized from amino acids premiums. This type of formula is sometimes referred to as infant formula or medical elemental as food because of their specialized nature. Although quite expensive, the formula is hypoallergenic and sometimes used for babies with severe allergies to cow's milk and soy. Some trademarks and Peptamen Neocate. Being purely synthetic amino acid monomer, is also very bad taste, adults, and it is not uncommon for children to reject the basic formulas, having been established in a sweet tasting, the formula is not elementary.
Variations
Infant formula is available in powder, liquid concentrate and ready for the forms of food.
Recently, the market has been segmented by age at:
infant formula, up to 6 months
follow-up formula from 6 months to 12 months
formula child of 12 months.
These categories and formulations may overlap, and there is significant confusion among consumers about these categories.
They provide nutrition to lower breast milk and are not recommended by health authorities as a supplement to [citation needed breast milk recommendations] are to breastfeed exclusively for six months, then continue to breastfeed at 12 or 24 months (depending on the authority), complemented by solid foods and weaning time. Cow's milk should not be introduced before 12 months of follow up in the formula is superior to cow's milk from 6 to 12 months old but less than mother's milk.
These were introduced and developed in part to address the saturation of the market for infant formula (up to 6 months) in developed countries, as discussed industry then, and partly due to regulations on infant formula, which often do not cover milk substitutes for older children 6 months, a prime example is the introduction of follow Wyeth in the Philippines in 1987, following the introduction of regulations on infant formula marketing. Have also resulted in confusing advertising UK advertising infant formula is illegal, but then the formula is legal advertising, and packaging similar and the market performance in monitoring advertising often is interpreted as ad formula.
Preparation
Infant formula should be prepared by the caregiver or parent in small batches and fed to the baby, usually with either a cup, as recommended by WHO, or a bottle.
It very important to accurately measure powder or concentrates to achieve the intended final product, otherwise the child will be undernourished. It is advisable that all equipment coming in contact with milk for infants to be cleaned and sterilized before each use. Proper cooling is essential for any infant formula is prepared in advance.
In developing countries, the formula is often prepared improperly, leading to high infant mortality due to malnutrition and disease as diarrhea and pneumonia. This is due to the lack of potable water, lack of sterile conditions, lack of refrigeration, illiteracy (so employment can not continue) poverty (dilution of the formula so that it lasts longer), and lack of education of mothers by distributors of infant formula. These problems and diseases arising and death are a key factor as opposed to the marketing and distribution of infant formula in developing countries by numerous organizations NGOs these groups do not consider infant formula appropriate technology for developing countries.
Controversy and science
The use and marketing infant formula has come under scrutiny, as discussed in breastfeeding, breastmilk, food is considered "ideal" for babies and adding "ideal" for other foods, and exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of a baby's life is advocated by health authorities and accordingly by the infant formula factory.
Use
Despite the recommendation that infants be exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life, the vast majority of American babies are exclusively breastfed for this period in 2005 of 12% of infants were breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months, with more than 60% of infants aged 2 months who are fed formula, and about one in every four infants fed formula feeding child within two days of birth.
Ethnicity
According to research conducted in Vancouver, Canada, 1998, at birth, 82.9% of mothers breastfeed their babies, but this number varies among Caucasians (91.6%) and whites (56.8%).
Nutritional Value
WHO believes that the formula child is safely prepared and formulated according to the Codex Alimentarius complementary feeding safe and nutritionally adequate.
Toxins
The formula Child contains significantly higher levels of manganese than breast milk 80 times more soy derivative, and 30 times more in the dairy animals. This level Manganese and its presence in infant formula has been implicated in learning disabilities and ADHD.
Health Effects
The use of infant formula is cited in many health risks. Studies have found children in developed countries who consume formula are at greater risk of acute otitis media, gastroenteritis nonspecific, severe respiratory tract infections, atopic dermatitis, asthma, obesity, diabetes type 1 and type 2 diabetes, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), eczema, necrotizing enterocolitis and autism, compared with babies who are breastfed.
Although some previous studies have found an association between infant formula and child cognitive development, other studies have found no correlation. However, more recently, questions have been raised. It has been discovered iron supplements in infant formula is related to lowered IQ and other neurodevelopmental delays.
Melamine contamination
Main article: 2008 Chinese milk scandal
The November 25, 2008, an Associated Press article entitled "The FDA is traces of melamine in U.S. infant formula, "said infant formula produced by the three major companies has tested positive for melamine contamination. These three main companies are responsible for 90% of infant formula in the U.S., "Abbott Laboratories, Nestle and Mead Johnson."
The MSDS for Melamine (CAS NO 108-78-1; C3-H6-N6) Proceedings of acute oral toxicity (LD50) in 3161 mg / kg (3.161 ppm) of a rat. The highest levels previously reported in China reached approximately 2500 ppm. That article states that the U.S. test found 10,000 times less than the levels in China or 0.25 ppm.
Health Canada conducted a separate test and also found traces of melamine in infant formula available in Canada. Melamine levels were well below safety limits Health Canada although some public health advocates are critical of the industry and regulators for allowing the waste of a potential hazardous substances in food for children.
Health officials have been on alert for the chemical industry since the discovery of this year a case of mass poisoning melamine in China, where milk was deliberately adulterated with the chemical, leading to disease in more than 50,000 children, including cases of acute renal failure. In China, large quantities were deliberately added melamine to watered-down milk to give the appearance of having adequate levels of protein.
Other disputes
In 1985 Syntex was ordered to pay $ 27 million for the deaths of two children were given infant formula Syntex, called Neo-thought-soy as infants. In 1978, Syntex had eliminated the salt of the formula.
The decreased risk
Some risks are cited as decrease when the use of alternatives to breastfeeding by mothers in general, or by using the formula in particular.
Decrease of alternatives to breastfeeding by the mother
Infectious diseases transmission breastfeeder
The main risk posed by the mother's milk in particular is the transmission of infectious diseases such as HIV. In some cases, these can be mitigated by using heat-treated milk and nursing for a short time (six months, instead of 1824 months), and can be avoided through the use of milk from an uninfected woman, as through a nurse or milk bank, or through the use of formula or milk from treated animals.
HIV infection
Breastfeeding by an HIV-positive mother poses the possibility of transmitting HIV to 520% baby, assuming
CMV infection, with potentially dangerous consequences for premature infants
HTLV-1
HTLV-2 infection
Tuberculosis in the context of TB mastitis
Herpes simplex lesions are present in the breast
Chickenpox the newborn, when the disease manifests itself in the mother in one day after birth
Risks specific formula feeding decreased
Some of the risks present in all breast milk, and only mitigated by the use of infant formula.
Environmental pollutants
Exposure to ether polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls
Malnutrition
While general breast milk is food "ideal" for babies in certain circumstances or aspects babies may be at risk of malnutrition.
Iron deficiency
Vitamin deficiencies
In particular vitamin D in infants at high latitudes without sun exposure
Inadequate nutrition during the transition to solid foods
Balancing the risks
The assessment of risks, health authorities generally judge breastfeeding healthy balance, the less risky options, the follows:
In cases where the mother has an infectious disease like HIV, exclusive breastfeeding until suggests alternatives that meet the AFASS (Acceptable Sustainable and Safe affordable feasible) principles are available, these alternatives are found in breast milk of other women, infant formulas and milk from animals treaties. In developing countries, the risks of other sources of mortality such as diarrhea, particularly due to unclean water and lack of sterile conditions two prerequisites for the safe use of the formula often outweigh the risks of breastfeeding.
The risks of pollution are not outweigh the benefits of breastfeeding, and "adverse effects on learning and behavior are strongly associated with fetal exposure to persistent pollutants, not to exposure breast milk. "
WHO believes that the neurological benefits of breast milk being, regardless of exposure to dioxins in milk, and other researchers conclude that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the dangers posed by these toxins.
Industry
This section requires expansion.
Manufacturers
USA Baby industry is highly concentrated formula is an oligopoly with three firms account for 99% of the market in 2000:
Mead Johnson: 52% owned by Bristol-Myers Squibb, which makes Enfamil, Pregestimil, Nutramigen and Nutramigen AA
Abbott Laboratories: 35%, Ross division makes Similac, Isomil, Alimentum, and EleCare
Nestlé: 12%, the largest producer of infant formula in the world makes good start Gerber Products Company has
Another formula manufacturers children include:
Danone recently acquired Royal Numico, Dumex, Milupa
Earth's Best owned by Hain Celestial
Natures One – privately held Ohio-based company, producing mostly organic formula for children
Nutricia – manufacturer of Neocate
Wyeth Nutrition: The leader market in the Philippines
S-26 Gold, Promil Gold, Progress Gold, S-26, Promil, Promil Kid, Bonna, Bonamil, Bonakid 1 +, 3 + Bonakid, Nursoy, Parent's Choice / Bright Beginnings
Market size
This section requires expansion.
Infant formula is the largest market segment of baby food, given as the fraction between 40% and 70%.
The global infant formula market was estimated at $ 7,900,000,000. North America and Western Europe account 33% of the saturated market, while Asia is 53% of the market. Southeast Asia is a particularly large fraction of the world market relative to its population.
Grants
United States
In the United States, infant formula is heavily subsidized by the government: at least one third of the U.S. market one is supported by the government, more than half of infant formula in the U.S. provided through WIC WIC is a program of U.S. food aid, not a medical program that is Medicaid. Breastfeeding rates are substantially lower for WIC recipients, which is attributed in part to be free formula to mothers in WIC, and part of WIC beneficiaries being poor and uneducated, therefore less likely to breastfeed. In addition, some promotional materials use the WIC brand in violation federal policy. nursing costs are a significant fraction of the cost of WIC: 21% after rebate, and 46% before the discount. formula manufacturers are granted WIC monopoly in individual states only one brand of formula will be eligible for WIC.
WIC also pays for milk banks.
Marketing
This section requires expansion.
The marketing of infant formula and regulation varies among countries.
The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes is a statement of principles for the marketing infant formulas, including severe restrictions advertising. Its implementation depends on the laws of different countries and the behavior of infant formula manufacturers code itself has no power. Legislation and corporate behavior vary considerably between countries: in some countries use the right code and followed by the manufacturers of formula, while other is not.
The practices prohibited by this Code are the most advertising, the application for health benefits for the formula and giving free samples to women able to breastfeed the latter practice is particularly critical as it may interfere with breastfeeding, creating dependence of the formula.
Free samples of infant formula have been provided to hospitals since the 1930s, the practice has been criticized continuously since then the formula, the child is the only product usually free of charge to hospitals.
United States
In the United States, infant formula is largely a marketing, advertising both mothers and physicians and through free samples in violation of the principles in the code, not has been taken or implemented by manufacturers in the U.S. for U.S. marketing.
In surveys, over 70% of large hospitals to dispense with the formula child for all infants, which is opposed by the AAP and in violation of the code.
The American Academy of Pediatrics opposes the marketing of infant formula directly to the public.
The Gerber Products Company began marketing Gerber infant formula directly to the public in October 1989, while the company began marketing Carnation Good Start infant formula direct to the public in January 1991.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, advertising of infant formula has been illegal since 1995, but the advertising of follow-on formulas is legal, has been cited as a loophole that allows advertising formula similarly packaged, and is confusing to mothers.
By country
This section requires expansion.
Philippines
Infant formula is an important product in the Philippines is one of consumer goods to the first three, and among the most imported products.
marketing infants has been regulated since 1987, Executive Order 51 or the Milk Code. " This regulated, but not prohibit practices such as advertising and offering samples Free. Shortly after it was enacted, Wyeth introduced follow-on formulas, which was not in the scope of the Code of milk, do not in the formula have existed at the time of drafting the Code of milk.
In 2006, the Department of Health banned the advertising of infant formula and the practice of providing free samples, regardless of the appropriate age group (in the regulation RIRR), a text that was challenged by the industry prepared for infants in the Supreme Court. Initially the challenge was dismissed, but this decision was reversed immediately after a letter by U.S. business leader Thomas Donahue, the former president and CEO, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, resulting in the regulation of the suspension and continuing advertising.
In the Philippines, annual sales amount to about U.S. $ 469,000,000 year. U.S. $ 88,000,000 is spent on advertising the product.
Canada
The Vitamin D deficiency is a health problem in Canada. Infant formulas sold in Canada are fortified with vitamin D. Health Canada recommends Breastfed babies also get more vitamin D in the form of a supplement. With the exception of vitamin D, vitamin and mineral supplements of fresh milk term infants in the first 6 months is not recommended unless a mother is a vegan. Infant formulas sold in Canada have been tested to determine the presence of phthalates, a chemical used in plastics production, although concerns have been raised by Great Britain. Unlike other countries (for example, New Zealand, United Kingdom) that have banned the widespread use of infant formulas based on soy, it is still permitted in Canada. It is estimated that 20% of babies in Canada are fed soy infant formulas habeas, and therefore exposed to levels of phytoestrogens to 22,000 times higher than normally found in breast milk, which gives the potential to damage a baby's thyroid.
Infant Formula Processing
History of infant formula development
Dates
Events
1867
Formula contains wheat flour, cow milk, malt flour, and potassium bicarbonate
1915
Powder form of the formula child was presented. Formula contained cow's milk, lactose, oleo oils and vegetable oils
1929
Soy formula was introduced
1935
Protein was introduced into infant formula. The protein has been added because it was believed that the protein content of cow's milk was lower than the protein content of milk human. 3.34.0 g/100 kcal of protein were added.
1959
Iron fortification was introduced because a large amount of iron (~ 80%) used to increase red cell mass in a growing child. Babies with birth weight between 1500 and 2500 g require 2 mg / kg of iron per day. Babies weighing less 1500 grams require 4 mg / kg per day.
1962
Whey: casein ratio was similar to breast milk as producers are aware that Human milk contains a higher protein content of serum and cow's milk contains a higher content of casein.
1984
Taurine fortification introduced because new infants lack the enzymes necessary to convert and how taurine.
1990 Finals
nucleotide fortification was introduced in infant formula because nucleotides can act as growth factors and can increase the body immune system in children.
Early 2000
Polyunsaturated acid fortification acids was introduced. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) have been added because the fatty acids play an important role in infant brain development.
The current procedure for the general transformation of infant formulas
The manufacturing process may be different for different types of formula made, so the following is the general procedure for liquid milk-based formulas:
Mixture ingredients
Primary ingredients are blended in large stainless steel tanks and add skim milk and its adaptation to 60C.Then, fats, oils and emulsifiers are then added. additional heating and mixing can be necessary to obtain proper consistency. Then, minerals, vitamins, gums stabilizers are added at different points according to their sensitivity to heat. This lot is temporarily stored and then transported by pipeline to pasteurization equipment, when mixing is complete.
Pasteurization
This is a process that protects against damage by the removal of bacteria, yeasts and molds. It is warming faster and then cooling the product under controlled conditions that microorganisms can not survive. The lot is done around 85-94 for about 30 seconds quater which is necessary to properly plan and prepare microorganisms reduce the formula for the filling.
Homogenization
This is a process that increases the emulsion uniformity and stability through size reduction of fat and oil particles to the formula. It is performed with a variety of mixing equipment that applies to the court the product and this breaks the mixture of fat and oil particles in very small droplets.
Normalization
Standardization is used to ensure that key parameters such as pH, concentration of fat and vitamins and minerals are correct. If these levels are insufficient, the lot is reworked to achieve adequate levels. After this step, the batch is ready for packaging.
Packaging
Packaging depends on the manufacturer and type of equipment used in formula, but full of liquid metal cans w / lids crimped in place.
Heat Treatment / Sterilization
Finally, the formulas Children are treated with heat to maintain the bacteriological quality of the product. This can be done traditionally by autoclave sterilization or high temperature short time (HTST) treatment. Recently formula ultra high temperature treatment has become more common. If powder formula is made, then a spray drying would require additional after that. autoclave sterilization is a traditional autoclave sterilization method that uses 10 to 15 minutes of treatment at 118c. Ultra high temperature (UHT) is a method that uses a brief (23 seconds) in the 142C treatment. Due to the short period of time used, there is distortion of the small proteins, but still ensures the sterility of the final product.
Current and future potential of new ingredients
Probiotics
Recently, probiotics has become a new ingredient in many of our food and studies have been completed on the use of probiotics in infant formulas Several trials recently completed randomized controlled trials have shown limited and short-term clinical benefits of the use of probiotics in the diet of infant safety of probiotics in general and in children, especially premature infants, was investigated in a limited number of controlled trials. The results so far suggest that probiotics are generally insurance. Therefore, the study suggests that more scientific research is needed before a conclusion can be made about probiotic supplements formulas children since the investigation is still very preliminary.
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are carbohydrates nondigestable that promote growth probiotic bacteria in the intestine. Human milk contains a variety of oligosaccharides that are believed to be an important factor in the pattern of colonization of the microflora of breastfed infants. Because of the variety, variability, complexity and polymorphism of the composition and structure of oligosaccharides, is currently not possible to reproduce components of human milk oligosaccharides in a strictly structural.
The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Committee Nutrition Nutrition found evidence to support the short-term intake of prebiotics in the fecal microflora of infants with increased number of bifidobacteria. Infants may be at risk of dehydration with the induction of softer stools, if they have renal immaturity and / or little ability to concentrate urine. A pathogen reduction has been associated with the consumption of prebiotics. However, there was no evidence to support important clinical benefits or long-term. Therefore, there is little evidence for the beneficial effects of probiotics in dietetic products.
Lysozyme and lactoferrin
Lysozyme is an enzyme which is responsible for protecting the body, damaging the bacterial cell walls. Lactoferrin is a globular protein, has multifunctional antimicrobial activity. Compared breast milk, cow's milk has a lower level of signifactly lysozyme and lactoferrin, so that the industry is a growing interest in adding them in children formulas.
See also
Child Development
Baby food
Bottle
Breastfeeding
Breast milk
References
^ Http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/InfantFormula/ucm056524.htm
^ Http: / / www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ysiny/article/PIIS1084275696800170/abstract
^ Http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10935&page=41
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^ Mayo Clinic, November 2007
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FAQ ^ Abc "The most common breastfeeding." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. May 22, 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
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^ Emphasis added.
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»^" The breast-feeding and guilt: Interview with a specialist clinic Mayo
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Abc ^ loophole allows banned advertising formula to mothers
^ Discussed in detail Nestlé boycott and references thereof.
^ Nestlé Questions If all mothers be encouraged to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months?
Infant feeding practices study II ^> Results
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Ab ^ Environmental Working Mother Breast Milk milk: Box: Breast milk remains the best
PJ ^ Collipp. Manganese in infant formula and learning disabilities. Ann Nutr Metab 27:488-494. 1983.
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^ "$ 27 million for two victims." Chicago Tribune. March 1, 1985. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/25099431.html?dids=25099431:25099431&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+01, 1985 and author Charles = + Mount & pub = Chicago + Tribune + (pre-1997 + Full Text) & desc = $ 27 + + + 2 MILLION FOR VICTIMS OF BABY FORMULA + + + & pqatl = google. Retrieved on 23/04/2009. "They were given baby formula, called Neo-thought-soy, as children … In 1978, Syntex remove salt from the formula a decision that caused Hayes said … "
Ab ^ infant feeding options in the context of HIV
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Ab ^ cd Ingredients for the world market infant formula, based clinics
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Abc ^ growth momentum for baby formula, for Markos Kaminis, Business Week, January 11, 2005
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^ Mother's Milk Bank of Indiana to open third location
^ Breast Milk Banks
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Abc ^ Periodic Survey of Fellows: Poll shows more support for members of political formula advertising AAP AAP
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External Links
Isadora B. Stehlin. "Infant Formula: Second Best but Good Enough." Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20071226072202/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/596_baby.html.
Formula Feed Baby
FDA 101: Infant Formulae
"Breast-feeding and guilt: Interview with a Mayo Clinic specialist"
Infant and toddler
Breastfeeding VS Formula feeding
Categories: Infant Feeding | Milk | Dairy | Soy products | Bristol-Myers Squibb | milkHidden categories Breast: Articles to be merged since November 2009 | All articles to be merged | need more points of view | List All needing cleanup | Articles lacking in wa from February 2010 | Articles with references statements in June 2009 | Articles to be expanded since June 2009 | All articles to be expanded About the Author
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